Hostage Negotiations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hostage Negotiations - Research Paper Example The actual negotiation period may take hours or even days to bring the situation to a positive conclusion. Discussion of the hostage-takers, negotiators and techniques used are given in the following information. First of all there may be many circumstances involved in why a hostage situation takes place. Some examples include 1. A situation of a desperate mother or father who locks themselves in with their own child. 2. It could be a bank robber disturbed and having financial problems. 3. Or it may be a terrorist situation that has taken hostages in return for demands being met. In any hostage situation, however, there are differing circumstances. There may be more than one hostage, or there may be more than one hostage-taker, or the situation could be planned or just a last minute desperate attempt to have their demands met. In any of these situations it is the negotiator who must control the situation using his skills to bring the situation to a prompt conclusion and a positive ou tcome. The hostage-taker has little choice in the outcome once the situation escalates. He can either â€Å"kill hostages or release them, kill himself or be killed by a shoot out, negotiate a way out (which is seldom done), or give themselves up.† Most major incidents that law enforcement deal with involving hostages are less than 20 percent and most are resolved with no loss of life. It has been proven in critical situations that negotiation strategies produce a 95 percent success rate in concluding a hostage situation without fatalities of neither hostages nor hostage-takers. The hostage-taker’s role in the situation is to have his demands met by using people as a bargaining chip. So when the police arrive the first thing they do is to find out as much as possible about the hostage-taker and why he has taken a hostage or hostages. The hostage-taker may be emotionally or mentally disturbed. The specific reason for the hostage taking may be illogical to the negotiator but it may make perfect sense to the hostage-taker. In cases such as these the hostage is usually related to the hostage-taker and normally its some type of domestic dispute. In most cases, this is the type of situation that police officers face in hostage situations. In other situations innocent bystanders are used as â€Å"human shields† to protect the hostage-taker from the police. This type of situation is normally unplanned and just a panic reaction of a caught criminal situation. The most extreme hostage situations are terrorist situations, which are always planned. From the very beginning it is the plan of the hostage-takers to use the lives of the hostages to achieve their specific goals. The participants in these types of situations are usually radical political groups, terrorists, or other extreme activists. Another form of hostage crisis is kidnapping, but in this type of situation the hostage taker uses other means to communicate their demands. Therefore, a negot iator is not necessarily needed. Lt.. Schmidt of the Cheektowaga Police Department in Cheektowaga, NY says, regardless of the situation, basic technique is the same. â€Å"You work to build a rapport and encourage them to bring about a peaceful conclusion. The same techniques are

Use of batteries as power sources Research Paper

Use of batteries as power sources - Research Paper Example The requirements for these batteries comprise high release rates, low insertion loss from components in series by means of the cells, high-precision measurements, superfluous security protection, and no upset by means of incredibly high ESD transients.If we analyzed then we come to know that Battery-pack requirements have gone through a main evolution in the history several years, and today's designs have considerable electronic content.Moreover, practically all Li-ion protector circuits for one- and two-cell applications have protector FETs in the low (unenthusiastic) surface of the battery. Plus key issues exacting to a low-side Li-ion protector circuit are converse. The transients shaped when the Li-ion protector opens throughout a brief short or when the battery is unplugged even as beneath load may exceed the voltage rating of semiconductors in the battery set. This theme describes a number of plan issues and suggests solutions to make your mind up or get better them. Resolution of these subjects requires attention to together the circuit design and the printed circuit board (PCB) explain.If we analyzed the Fig. 1 then we come to know that it is a block drawing of circuitry in a typical Li-ion battery set. It demonstrates an instance of a security protection circuit for the Li-ion cells and a gas gauge (capacity measuring device). The security circuitry includes a Li-ion protector that controls back-to-back FET switches. No doubt, these switches can be opened to defend the pack next to fault conditions such as in excess of voltage, beneath voltage, and over current. If we analyzed then we come to know that the figure also comprise a temperature responsive three-terminal fuse that will open due to long-drawn-out over present or over temperature, or it can be forced to open by superfluous protection circuitry in case there is a responsibility where the main protection circuitry fails to respond. As opening this fuse is a previous resort, as it will render the pack enduringly disabled. The gas-gauge circuitry events the charge and discharge present by measuring the voltage crossways a low-value sense resistor with low-offset dimension circuitry. Furthermore, the present measurement is incorporated to decide the alter in coulometric ability. In adding up, the gauge measures temperature plus voltage, assess gas-gauging algorithms to decide the obtainable capacity in the battery, and computes time-to-empty and additional values necessary by the host. The available capacity as well as additional measurements and computational outcome are communicated to the host over a sequential communication line. A diagram indication of obtainable ability can be displayed by the LEDs when make active by a push-button switch. Fig. 1. Block diagram of circuitry in a typical Li-ion battery pack. OPTIMIZING THE DESIGN FOR MEASUREMENT PRECISION Let's take a look upon measurement precision requires a precise measurement data gaining system and measurement sensor and also need a cautious board layout. Moreover, if the designer does not pay notice to all these items, the ensuing system performance may not transport the expected results. The sense resistor and how it is linked to the data gaining system are dangerous design decisions. The intelligence resistor may see changes in temperature that are much bigger than the ambient difference of the battery pack due to power debauchery in the resistor. Use of a low-temperature coefficient resistor will get better obtainable capacity and current-measurement precision. The effectual sense confrontation seen by the dimension circuitry may depend on how the printed circuit board (PCB) etch is linked to the sense resistor. If the intelligence re